Kaplan Nursing Entrance Practice Exam

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

1. Photosynthesis

2. Synthesize proteins

3. Sites of aerobic respiration

4. Store genetic material

The correct answer is: Sites of aerobic respiration

The primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells is to serve as the sites of aerobic respiration. During this process, mitochondria convert the biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria facilitate a series of chemical reactions that utilize oxygen to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, resulting in the production of ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. This process is essential for cellular metabolism and energy production, a fundamental requirement for the growth, development, and maintenance of eukaryotic cells. The presence of their own DNA and ribosomes indicates that mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles, reflecting their evolutionary history as once-independent prokaryotic organisms. In contrast, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, which are not found in all eukaryotic cells and is specifically related to plant cells and some protists. Protein synthesis is the primary function of ribosomes, which can be found freely floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. While eukaryotic cells do have nuclei that store genetic material, this is not the function of mitochondria; instead, their role is centered on energy production through